Vibrational Spectroscopy and Cancer - Vibrational Spectroscopy for Tissue Analysis - page 66

fixing and tissue hydration. Diagnostic markers at the 980-1100 and 1500-
1650 cm −1 regions derived from fixed tissues did not appear to be appli-
cable for in vivo lung cancer detection. It was shown that for yielding valid
Raman diagnostic information for in vivo applications, fresh tissue should
be used. If only fixed tissue is available thorough rinsing of specimens in
phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) before spectral measurements may help
reduce the formalin fixation artefacts on tissue Raman spectra [72].
Short et al. developed a near-infrared Raman spectroscopy system to col-
lect real-time, noninvasive, in vivo human lung spectra [73]. The 785 nm exci-
tation and the collection of tissue emission were accomplished by using a
reusable fibre-optic catheter that passed down the instrument channel of a
bronchoscope. The group reported the spectra of 20 patients, indicating dif-
ferences between spectra from tumour and normal tissue.

Breast Cancer
Breast tissue is another interesting topic for researchers (Table 4.5). R. Eckel
et al. analysed the IR spectra of normal, hyperplasia, fibroadenoma and
carcinoma tissues of human breast. They worked on characteristic spec-
troscopic patterns in the proteins bands of the tissue. Some of the results
of their experiments are as follows: (A) In carcinomatous tissues the
bands in the region of 3000-3600 cm −1 shifted to lower frequencies. (B) The
3300 cm −1 /3075 cm −1 absorbance ratio was significantly higher for the fibro-
adenoma (C) For the malignant tissues, the frequency of α-helix amide I band
decreased, while the corresponding β-sheet amide I band frequency increased
(D) 1657 cm −1 /1635 cm −1 and 1553 cm −1 /1540 cm −1 absorbance ratios were

Table 4.5
Articles on Breast Tissue

Investigated
Tissue or Sample

Effectiveness of
the Technique

Reference
Number Research Group Research Method

Eckel et al. FTIR Breast + 74

Kline and Treado Raman Breast n/a 75

Shafer-Peltier et al. Raman Breast + 76

Ronen et al. NMR Breast + 77

Frank et al. MR spectroscopy Breast + 78

Fabian et al. FTIR Breast n/a 79

Tam et al. Raman Breast + 80

Abramczyk et al. Raman Breast + 81

Kast et al. Raman Breast + 82

Marzullo et al. Raman Breast + 83