Vibrational Spectroscopy and Cancer - Vibrational Spectroscopy for Tissue Analysis - page 63

The same research group performed Raman spectroscopic investigations for
identification of epithelial cancer. They evaluated the potential for the technique
to develop a noninvasive real-time probe for accurate and repeatable measure-
ment of pathological samples. The study followed rigorous sample collection
protocols and histopathological analysis using a board of expert pathologists.
Only the data from samples with full agreement of a homogeneous pathology
were used to construct a training data set of Raman spectra. Measurements of
tissue specimens from the full spectrum of different pathological groups found
in each tissue were made. Diagnostic predictive models were constructed and
optimised. High levels of discrimination between pathology groups were dem-
onstrated (greater than 90% sensitivity and specificity for all tissues). However,
it was outlined that larger sample numbers are required for successful imple-
mentation of in vivo Raman detection of early malignancies [64].

Lung Cancer
Lung tissue has received huge attention in the field of vibrational spectros-
copy (Table 4.4). H. P. Wang et al. focused on the microscopic FTIR studies of
lung cancer cells in pleural fluid. The results demonstrate significant spectral
differences between normal, lung cancer and tuberculous cells. The most
considerable differences were in the ratio of peak intensities of 1030 and
1080 cm −1 bonds (originated mainly in glycogen and phosphodiester groups
of nucleic acids). One of the important advantages of this method was the
possibility of obtaining quick and reliable results [65].
Zeng et al. produced a review paper on different methods of optical
spectroscopy and imaging for early lung cancer detection. In this article,

Table 4.4
Articles on Lung Tissue

Research
Group

Research
Method

Investigated
Tissue or Sample

Effectiveness of the
Technique

Reference
Number

Wang et al. FTIR Lung + 65

Yano et al. FTIR Lung + 66

Yang et al. FTIR Lung + 67

Min et al. Raman Lung + 68

Kaminaka et al. Raman Lung + 69

Huang et al. Raman Lung + 70

Alfano et al. Fluorescence

spectroscopy

Lung + 71

Huang et al. Raman Bronchial tissue + 72

Short et al. Raman Lung + 73