Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy and Imaging of Breast Cancer - Vibrational Spectroscopy for Tissue Analysis - page 158

tissues because comparable results in both these type of cases would
mean that prospective studies could be carried out.
• Spectroscopy can be applied to living tissue (during surgeries or
biopsies, for instance).
• A comprehensive database could be made using spectral informa-
tion received from similar research on larger numbers of samples.
This database can be combined with statistical methods, and an
automated instrument in the form of software can be established.
This can be used as an alternative in laboratories, and as no pro-
fessional knowledge is required, the method can easily be used by
clinicians and technicians. In other words, the spectra of different
tissue samples are given to the software, and the software deter-
mines whether the sample is normal tissue or a malignancy. The
same method can be used for diagnosing different grades of breast
malignancies (DCIS and IDC). We believe this idea can revolution-
ize spectroscopy and its application in studies related to biological
samples.
References
1. Various Contributors, The Health of the Nation. Report, 1993.
2. Eles, R. A., and Ponder, B. A. J. 1992. Familial breast cancer, RSM current medi-
cal literature. Breast and Prostate Cancer 5, 67-70.
3. Kelsey, J. L., and Berkowitz, G. S. 1998. Breast cancer epidemiology. Cancer
Research 48, 5615-5623.
4. Kalache, A., Maguire, A., and Thompson, S. G. 1993. Age at last full term preg-
nancy and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 341(8836), 33-36.
5. McPherson, K., Vessey, N., Neil, A., et al. 1987. Early oral contraceptive use and
breast cancer: Results of another case control study. British Journal of Cancer 56,
653-660.
6. Van Leeuwen, F. E., and Rookus, M. A. 1989. The role of exogenous hormones in
the epidemiology of breast, ovarian and endometinal cancer. European Journal of
Cancer and Clinical Oncology 25, 1961-1972.
7. Steinberg, K. K., Thacker, S. B., et al. 1991. Meta analysis of the effect of oestro-
gen replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer. Journal American Medical
Association 265, 1985-1990.
8. Tobar L., Duffy, S. W., and Krusemo, U. B. 1987. Detection method, tumour size
and node metastasis in breast cancers diagnosed during a trial of breast cancer
screening. European Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, 959-962.
9. Bassett, L. W., Liu, T. H., Giuliano, A. E., and Gold, R. H. 1991. The prevalence of
carcinoma in palpable versus impalpable mammographically detected lesions.
American Journal of Roentgenology 157, 21-24.