Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Materials and Methods
Sample Preparation
The breast cancer specimens were accessed from the Histopathology
Department, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London,
archives between 1987 and 1997. A total of 67 individual cases were studied,
details of which are tabulated in Table 5.1. All patients were diagnosed and
clinically managed at the Royal Free Hospital, London. Age at presentation
ranged from 42-75 years (median 56 years). All patients were treated by
mastectomy or local excision with or without radiotherapy. Formalin-fixed,
paraffin-wax-embedded sections from each case were 20-μm thick and were
dewaxed in xylene and rinsed in graded alcohols by immersion in 50%,
70%, and 100% absolute alcohol for 5 minutes each. Five sections in each
case were mounted on slides. A total of seven normal breast tissues and ten
cases each of low nuclear grade (LNG), intermediate nuclear grade (ING),
and high nuclear grade (HNG) DCIS, as well as ten cases each of grade I,
II, and III IDC were studied (Table 5.1). DCIS was classified into LNG, ING,
and HNG according to the recommendations of the National Co-ordinating
Group for Breast Screening Pathology, UK [16]. IDC was classified into well-
differentiated grade I, intermediate-differentiated grade II, and poorly dif-
ferentiated grade III according to the Elston and Ellis grading system [17].
The classification was done by an accredited pathologist experienced in
breast pathology.
Raman Spectroscopy of Breast Tissue Samples
Collecting the Spectra
Raman spectra were recorded using a Thermo Nicolet Almega Raman
spectrophotometer, equipped with a microscope. A 786-nm laser was used.
Table 5.1
Number of Breast Tissue Samples Studied
with Raman and FTIR Spectroscopy
Number
Histology
Total Number of Cases
1
Normal
7
2
LNG
10
3
ING
10
4
HNG
10
5
G I
10
6
G II
10
7
G III
10
Total Number
67
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