Vibrational Spectroscopy and Cancer - Vibrational Spectroscopy for Tissue Analysis - page 96

clinical fine-needle biopsy, and would benefit the early detection of breast
t umour [176].
R. K. Sahu and S. Mordechai studied FTIR spectroscopy in cancer detec-
tion. The areas of focus were the distinction of premalignant and malignant
cells and tissues from their normal state using specific parameters obtained
from the spectra. It was concluded that while the method still requires pilot
studies and designed clinical trials to ensure the applicability of such sys-
tems for cancer diagnosis, substantial progress has been made in incorporat-
ing advances in computation into the system to increase the sensitivity of
the entire setup, making it an objective and sensitive technique suitable for
automation to suit the demands of the medical community [177].
Viehoever et al. examined the use of organotypic raft as an in vitro model
of in vivo tissue conditions in an attempt to overcome some of the limitations
of previously used methods. In this study, organotypic raft cultures resem-
bling normal and dysplastic epithelial cervical tissue were conducted and
grown at an air-liquid interface for two weeks. Raman spectra of normal as
well as dysplastic raft cultures were measured and compared with in vivo
spectra from the corresponding tissue type. These investigations showed
that the Raman spectra of the raft cultures are similar to the spectra acquired
from the cervix in vivo for both normal and dysplastic tissues. It was con-
cluded that this type of culture is an effective and useful tool for the cellular
and biochemical analysis of tissue spectra [178].
Rabah et al. reported for the first time the evaluation of Raman spectroscopy
in the diagnosis and classification of neuroblastoma in children [179]. A biopsy
or resection of fresh tissue samples from normal adrenal glands, neuroblasto-
mas, ganglioneuromas, nerve sheath tumours, and pheochromocytoma were
equally divided between routine histology and spectroscopic studies and
at least 12 spectra were collected from different regions of each sample. In
total, 698 spectra were collected from 16 neuroblastomas, 5 ganglioneuromas,
3 normal adrenal glands, 6 nerve sheath tumours, and 1 pheochromocytoma.
Raman spectroscopy differentiated between a normal adrenal gland, and neu-
roblastoma and ganglioneuroma with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. It
was also able to differentiate a neuroblastoma from nerve sheath tumours and
a pheochromocytoma with high sensitivity and specificity.
Summary
There are some key points in defining the corresponding functional groups
of every peak. These points are described in Chapter 8 and can play an out-
standing role in the process of characteristic peak analysis, and they are of
outstanding importance in the process of having a clear understanding of
the spectroscopic techniques used in the research work. There is a significant