Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
methods, PCA, and LDA, was used. The results indicated that, on average,
95% of the normal cells and 90% of the patient cells were accurately classified
in their respective cell types.
Khanmohammadi et al. applied ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to discriminate
the blood samples obtained from healthy people and those with basal cell
carcinoma [145]. Soft independent modelling class analogy (SIMCA) che-
mometric technique was also used. It was aimed at classifying the normal
case and cancer case blood samples through the use of ATR-FTIR spectros-
copy as a rapid method because the sample preparation is so easy in com-
parison with the common pathologic methods. For this purpose, a total of
72 blood samples, including 32 cancer and 40 normal cases, were analysed
in 900-1800 cm −1 spectral region. Results showed 97.6% technique accuracy.
Pichardo-Molina et al. studied serum samples using Raman spectroscopy
and analysed using the multivariate statistical methods of PCA and LDA
[146]. The blood samples were obtained from 11 patients who were clini-
cally diagnosed with breast cancer and 12 healthy volunteer controls. The
PCA allowed definition of the wavelength differences between the spectral
bands of the control and patient groups. It was found that only seven band
ratios were significant in the diagnostic process. These specific bands might
be helpful during screening for breast cancer using Raman spectroscopy of
serum samples. It was also shown that serum samples from patients with
breast cancer and from the control group can be discriminated when the
LDA is applied to their Raman spectra.
Huleihel et al. reported on the application of FTIR spectroscopy for the
analysis of human blood samples from healthy subjects and patients suffer-
ing from diarrhea [147]. The results obtained showed similar and consistent
spectral peaks in all the examined sera.
Rehman et al. used Raman and FTIR spectroscopy to analyse the same
specimen used for histopathological evaluation. Malignant breast tissue
specimens were analysed to demonstrate the hypothesis that chemical changes
taking place in biological tissues can reliably and reproducibly be identified by
spectroscopy. It was concluded that the techniques provide distinct specimens
that can be used to distinguish between the nuclear grades of ductal carci-
noma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast. These
studies  reported for the first time spectral differences between DCIS grades.
It was concluded that spectroscopy can objectively distinguish between DCIS
and IDC grades and is non-destructive and reproducible [148,149].
Prostate Cancer
Prostate tissue has been investigated by vibrational spectroscopic techniques
(Table 4.11). E. Gazi et al. employed FTIR microspectroscopy to differentiate
 
Search WWH ::




Custom Search