Travel Reference
In-Depth Information
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Infectious Diseases
DENGUE FEVER
A viral infection, dengue fever (breakbone fever) is transmitted by mosquitoes breeding in
standing water. It is especially common in densely populated, urban environments. Flu-
like symptoms include fever, muscle aches, joint pains, headaches, nausea and vomiting,
often followed by a rash. Most cases resolve in a few days. Take analgesics such as acet-
aminophen/paracetamol (Tylenol) and drink plenty of fluids. Severe cases may require
hospitalization. In recent times, there have been many cases in the province of Bocas del
Toro.
HEPATITIS A
The vaccine for hepatitis A is extremely safe and highly effective. The second-most com-
mon travel-related infection (after traveler's diarrhea), it's a viral infection of the liver that
is usually acquired by ingestion of contaminated water, food or ice. Symptoms include
fever, malaise, jaundice, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Most cases resolve
without complications, though hepatitis A occasionally causes severe liver damage. There
is no treatment.
HEPATITIS B
Hepatitis B is a liver infection usually acquired by sexual contact or by exposure to infec-
ted blood, generally through blood transfusions or contaminated needles. The Hepatitis B
vaccine is safe and highly effective. A total of three injections is necessary to establish full
immunity.
LEISHMANIASIS
Leishmaniasis occurs in rural and forested areas throughout Panama, especially the east-
ern and south-central regions. The disease causes slow-growing ulcers on the body, but
the infection may become generalized, especially in those with HIV. Leishmaniasis is
transmitted by sandflies. To protect yourself, follow the same precautions as for mosqui-
toes, with finer-size mesh on mosquito netting (at least 18 holes to the linear inch).
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Leptospirosis is acquired by exposure to water contaminated by the urine of infected an-
imals. The greatest risk occurs at times of flooding, when sewage overflow may contamin-
ate water sources. Initial symptoms resemble a mild flu and usually subside in a few days,
but a minority of cases are complicated by jaundice or meningitis. Minimize your risk by
staying out of bodies of fresh water that may be contaminated by animal urine.
