Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 19 . 2
Structure of R&D expenditures by sectors, Germany and OECD, 1991,
1997, 2003
OECD
Germany
Germany's share in
OECD
1991
1997
2003
1991
1997
2003
1991
1997
2003
in %
in %
in %
Services
14.3
14
24.1
2.4
5.4
8.5
1.8
3.3
3.1
High- tech industry
42.3
44.7
39.2
34.9
33.9
30.2
8.8
6.5
6.8
Pharmaceuticals
6.8
8.1
9
5.6
6.5
8
8.8
6.9
7.9
Oi ce, accounting and
computing
machinery
7.9
8.2
4.8
4.9
2.3
1.4
6.6
2.4
2.5
Radio, television and
communication
equipment
11.6
14.4
12.8
14.5
11.3
8.7
13.4
6.7
6
Medical, precision and
optical
instruments
5.6
6.4
7
1.7
5.2
7.1
3.2
6.9
8.9
Aircraft and spacecraft
10.3
7.5
5.7
8.1
8.5
5.1
8.5
9.8
7.9
Medium high-tech industry
30.5
29.1
26.2
53
51.8
53.6
18.6
15.2
18.1
Chemicals excluding
pharmaceuticals
8.4
6.5
5.1
14.2
12.2
8.7
18.2
16.2
15.1
Machinery and
equipment, n.e.c.
5.5
5.9
5.4
10.5
11
9.9
20.6
16
16.3
Electrical machinery and
apparatus, n.e.c.
5.5
4.4
3
10.3
3
2.8
19.9
5.9
8.3
Motor vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
10.8
11.9
12.2
17.5
24.2
31.8
17.4
17.4
23.2
Railroad equipment and
transport equipment
n.e.c.
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.4
1.3
0.4
12.4
25.8
6.9
Medium- tech
6.1
4.6
6.3
5.5
5
7.7
9.5
11.6
8
Low- tech technology
3.8
4
2
2.2
2.2
4.9
4.8
Other manufacturing
1.9
2.3
1.8
1.6
1.1
0.5
9.1
4.3
2.7
TOTAL
100
100
100
100
100
100
10.7
8.6
8.9
Source:
BMBF (2007), p. 64, adapted.
use product-attendant services for product dif erentiation and strengthening their market
position. It is shown that the intensii cation and proi ling of product-oriented services
are regarded as core competencies for establishing comparative advantages (Hornschild
et al., 2003; Stille, 2003).
 
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