Preliminaries - The Boundary Element Method with Programming - page 3

are singular, i.e., have infinite values at certain points. This property has to be taken into
account when integrating these functions over boundary elements. This will make the
numerical integration procedure more complicated than is the case with finite elements.

Figure 1.1 Finite element mesh for the analysis of tunnel excavation. Left side: mesh

with contours of z-displacement; right side: detail with contours of
maximum compressive stress

Figure 1.2 Boundary element mesh for the simulation of tunnel excavation with

contours of maximum compressive stress plotted on excavation surface
and result planes