Biomedical Engineering Reference
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therapies use vectors (viral and nonviral) to enhance the transfection and
expression of the target gene (Scaduto and Lieberman 1999). Different viruses,
with adenoviruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, and adeno-associated viruses
(AAVs) among the most common, have been introduced as gene delivery vec-
tors and applied extensively (Kootstra and Verma 2003; Roth and Sundaram
2004; Zhang and Godbey 2006; Zhang et al. 2009) (Figure 7.2). The nonviral
vectors divided into organic and inorganic mimic functions of viral transfec-
tion but eschew side effects of viral vectors (Wagner and Bhaduri 2012).
The organic and inorganic each have its own merits. The characteristics of
organics, such as lipids, polycations, and intelligent polymers, are exploited
(1a)
(1b)
(1c)
(1d)
(2a)
(2b)
(2c)
(2d)
(3a)
(3b)
(3c)
(3d)
(4a)
(4b)
(4c)
(4d)
FIGURE 7.2
(
See color insert.
) New bone formation was determined histomorphometrically by bone
marker quantification, representing the different healing periods in the four groups, which
are enumerated as respective rows in the following matrix of images. Column (a) shows the
basic confocal LASER microscope image of samples. Column (b) shows fluorescence of calcein
introduced 4 weeks after implantation. Column (c) shows fluorescence of alizarin introduced
8 weeks after implantation. Column (d) shows folded images of the two fluorochromes with
the basic confocal image.
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