Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 5.1
Categories of Bioceramics
Category
Materials
Phosphate-based bioceramics
Hydroxyapatite (HAp)
β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)
α-Tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP)
Octacalcium phosphate (OCP)
Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA)
Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)
Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP)
Silicate-based bioceramics
Bioactive glasses
Mesoporous bioactive glasses
Calcium silicate
Dicalcium silicate
Tricalcium silicate
Bioactive glass-ceramic
Akermanite
Hardystonite
Oxide bioceramics
Y
2
O
3
-ZrO
2
Al
2
O
3
TiO
2
Nonoxide bioceramics
Si
3
N
4
SiC
Carbon
Conventionally, the preparation of ceramics is a powder route followed
by a sintering processing. In terms of glass and glass-ceramic, it is either a
melting processing or sol-gel processing. Regarding bioceramics, because
of “BIO” and super properties, scientists always try to learn from nature
to prepare ceramics that have a similar structure and function of materials
in biological systems, which can be named as “biomimetic preparation.”
Various biotemplates or structure-directing agents have been used and
new techniques have been developed to fabricate ceramics that have (1) bio-
logical composition, (2) biomimetic structure, and (3) optimized mechani-
cal strength. However, the mechanism behind the biomimetic preparation
needs to be clarified. The following biomineralization is the process that
modifies and functionalizes bioceramics by mimicking biologically con-
trolled mineralization. The biological and clinical evaluations of these mate-
rials are also very important. It gives the feedback about the advantages and
disadvantages of new bioceramics, and further directs how to design and
better prepare materials.
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