3D Plotting of Bioceramic Scaffolds under Physiological Conditions for Bone Tissue Engineering - Advanced Bioactive Inorganic Materials for Bone Regeneration and Drug Delivery - page 112

structures showed improved mechanical properties due to the utilization of
PVA as binder and the regular orientation of pores.
Rapid prototyping technologies like 3D plotting have been demon-
strated to be useful methods for preparation of adjustable scaffolds (made
of polymers, ceramics, and composites) for tissue engineering applications.
However, most of the work performed in this field so far follows a two-step
strategy of first manufacturing the scaffold and afterward seeding it with
cells or loading it with additional biological components. Three-dimensional
plotting of pasty biomaterials that form stable structures under physiological
or at least mild conditions (like the ones described here) opens the possibil-
ity to include biological components directly in the fabrication process. This
approach facilitates the seeding of constructs with more than one cell type,
which definitely would be necessary for the engineering of complex tissues
and vascularized structures. We are therefore sure that further development
of 3D plotting including biological components will lead to relevant new
findings and finally to clinically applicable solutions.
Acknowledgments
Most of the work presented in this chapter was carried out at the Centre
for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital
Carl Gustav Carus and Medical Faculty of Technische Universität Dresden,
Germany. The authors thank Dr. Berthold Nies (InnoTERE GmbH, Dresden,
Germany) for providing the CPC pastes; and Dr. Frank Sonntag and his col-
leagues Katrin Meissner and Jens Steidl (Fraunhofer IWS Dresden, Germany)
for developing and upgrading the plotting system. We also thank Professor
Martin Bornhäuser and coworkers (Medical Clinic I, Dresden University
Hospital Carl Gustav Carus) for providing hMSC. This research was funded
by German Federal Ministry for Economy and Technology (BMWi) via AIF
(project No. IGF 306 ZBR).
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