Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 1.6 Causes of Drinking Water Outbreaks in the United States, 1920-2000.
Calderon, and M. F. Craun. 2006
Survival Time
a
Organism
In Surface Water
In Groundwater
7 - 8 days
b
Coliform bacteria
—
months at 4
◦
C
2 - 6 months, moist
c
Cryptosporidium
spp.
oocyst
18
+
10 - 45 days
b
Escherichia coli
—
1 month
d
Entamoeba histolytica
63 - 91
+
days
e
Enteroviruses
1 - 2 months, up to 4
f
Giardia lamblia
cyst
3-9 days
g
Leptospira interrogans
1 - 6 months
g
Pasteurella tularensis
30 days - 1
+
years
e
Rotaviruses and reoviruses
15 - 50 days
b
Salmonella faecalis
—
60 - 70 days
b
Salmonella paratyphi
—
1 day - 2 months
g
8 - 23 days
b
Salmonella typhi
140 - 275 days
b
Salmonella typhimurium
—
1 - 24 months
g
10 - 35 days
b
Shigella
5 - 16 days
g
34 days at 4
◦
C
g
21
+
days frozen
g
21 days in seawater
d
Vibrio cholerae
16 - 140 days
b
Viruses (polio, hepatitis,
entero)
—
38 days in extended aeration sludges at 5
◦
C, pH 6 - 8; 17
days in oxidation ditch sludges at 5
◦
C, pH 6 - 8
Enteroviruses
h
1
+
years at 4
◦
C in mineral water, 300
+
days at room
temperature
Hepatitis
A
i
years at 4
◦
C in mineral water, not detected at room
temperature
Poliovirus
i
1
+
a
Approximate. See also refs.
27-30
.
b
Guidelines for Delineation of Wellhead Protection Areas
, Office of Ground-Water Protection, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, June 22, 1987, pp. 2 - 18.
Source:
Matthess
et al., 1985.
c
A. S. Benenson (Ed.),
Control of Communicable Diseases in Man
, 15th ed., American Public Health
Association, Washington, DC, 1990, p. 113.
d
B. K. Boutin, J. G. Bradshaw, and W. H. Stroup, “Heat Processing of Oysters Naturally Contami-
nated with
Vibrio cholerae
, Serotype 01,”
J. Food Protection
,
45
(2), 169 - 171 (February 1982).
e
G. Joyce and H. H. Weiser,
J. Am. Water Works Assoc
., April 1967, pp. 491 - 501 (at 26
◦
Cand
8
◦
C).
f
S. D. Lin, “
Giardia lamblia
and Water Supply,”
J. Am Water Works Assoc
., February 1985, pp.
40 - 47.
g
A. P. Miller,
Water and Man's Health
, U. S. Administration for International Development, Wash-
ington, DC, 1961, reprinted 1967.
h
G. Berg et al., “Low-Temperature Stability of Viruses in Sludges,”
Appl. Environ. Microbiol
.,
54
,
839 (1988);
J. Water Pollut. Control Fed
., June 1989, p. 1104.
i
E. Biziagos et al., “Long-Term Survival of Hepatitis A Virus and Poliovirus Type 1 in Mineral
Wa te r ,”
Appl. Environ. Microbiol
.,
54
, 2705 (1988);
J. Water Pollut. Control Fed
., June 1989, p.
1104.
