Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 1.1
Survival of Certain Pathogens in Water
Survival Time
a
In Surface water
In Groundwater
7 - 8 days
b
Coliform bacteria
—
18
+
months at 4
◦
C
2 - 6 months, moist
c
Cryptosporidium spp
.
oocyst
10 - 45 days
b
Excherichia coli
—
1 month
d
Entamoeba histolytica
63 - 91
+
days
e
Enteroviruses
1 - 2 months, up to 4
f
Giardia lamblia
cyst
3 - 9 days
g
Leptospira interrogans
serovar Ichterohemorrhagiae
1 - 6 months
g
Franciscella tularensis
+
years
e
Rotaviruses and reoviruses
30 days - 1
15 - 50 days
b
Salmonella faecalis
—
60 - 70 days
b
Salmonella paratyphi
—
1 day - 2 months
g
8 - 23 days
b
Salmonella typhi
140 -275 days
b
Salmonella typhimuriun
—
1 - 24 months
g
10 - 35 days
b
Shigella
5-16 days
g
34 days at 4
◦
C
g
21
Vibrio cholerae
days frozen
g
21 days in seawater
d
+
16 - 140 days
b
Viruses (polio, hepatitis,
other enteroviruses)
—
38 days in extended aeration sludges at 5
◦
C, pH 6 - 8; 17
days in oxidation ditch sludges at 5
◦
C, pH 6 - 8
Enteroviuses
h
years at 4
◦
C in mineral water, 300
Hepatitis A
i
1
+
+
days at room
temperature
years at 4
◦
C in mineral water, not detected at room
temperature
Poliovirus
i
1
+
a
Approximate.
b
Guidelines for Delineation of Wellhead Protection Areas, Office of Ground-Water Protection, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, June 22, 1987, pp. 2 - 18.
Source:
Matthess
et al., 1985. G. Matthess, S.S.D. Foster and A.Ch. Skinner, Theoretical background, hydrogeology
and practice of groundwater protection zones, IAH International Contributions to Hydrogeology 6
(1985).
c
A. S. Benenson (Ed.),
Control of Communicable Diseases in Man
, 15th ed., American Public Health
Association, Washington, DC, 1990, p. 113.
d
B. K. Boutin, J. G. Bradshaw, and W. H. Stroup, “Heat Processing of Oysters Naturally Contami-
nated with
Vibrio cholerae
, Serotype 01,”
J. Food Protection
,
45
, 2 (February 1982): 169 - 171.
e
G. Joyce and H. H. Weiser,
J. Am. Water Works Assoc
. (April 1967): 491 - 501 (at 26
◦
Cand8
◦
C).
f
S. D. Lin, “
Giardia lambia
and Water Supply,”
J. Am Water Works Assoc
. (February 1985): 40 - 47.
g
A. P. Miller,
Water and Man's Health
, U. S. Administration for International Development, Wash-
ington, DC, 1961, reprinted 1967.
h
G. Berg et al., “Low-Temperature Stability of Viruses in Sludges,”
Appl. Environ. Microbiol
.,
54
,
839 (1988);
J. Water Pollut. Control Fed
. (June 1989): 1104.
i
E. Biziagos et al., “Long-Term Survival of Hepatitis A Virus and Poliovirus Type 1 in Mineral
Wa te r ,”
Appl. Environ. Microbiol
.,
54
, 2705 (1988);
J. Water Pollut. Control Fed
. (June 1989):
1104.
