Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
An economic analysis is needed to compare costs for the submarine outfall plus
floatables removal, versus a short outfall with complete treatment.
Disposal to open ocean waters also can greatly simplify disposal of industrial
wastewaters, which may contain numerous substance (such as salt, degradable
organics, inorganic chemicals, etc.) that cannot be discharged to inland waterways
without treatment to remove substances that impair confined water quality but
that need not be removed for disposal to open seawater 105 .
Buffer Area Requirements around Treatment/Pumping Plants
Recommendations that are considered appropriate for DCs are given in a paper
by R. Bradley 24 . His recommendations are summarized in Figure 4.11.
Regional Water Pollution Control
Few DCs have yet developed regional water pollution control systems, which
can cover the needs for a group of municipalities, but beginning efforts to do
this are the Samutprakarn regional system in Thailand 107 , the proposed regional
plan for Abidjan in the Ivory Coast 67 , and the regional systems for the coastal
provinces in north China 163 .
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
Situation in ICs versus DCs
Management of industrial wastewaters is a very complex subject because of the
great variety (ever increasing) of pollutant constituents contained in these wastew-
aters. One way or another, by treatment, by use of cleaner production technology,
or by point source control, the levels of these pollutants must be controlled to
reduce concentration to levels acceptable to receiving waters. Fortunately, U.S.
EPA, with its ample financial resources, has been able to produce a series of
excellent manuals, one for each type of industry (now available on the Internet),
which give excellent basic data for each industry including quantification of all
raw materials utilized, the steps involved in manufacture, and the various types
of wastes produced by each step, including needs for treatment of these either
singularly or combined. The online manuals include illustrative schematic draw-
ings. These basic data are equally useful for IC and DC purposes. The U.S. EPA
manuals include a final chapter which includes environmental standards applica-
ble in the U.S. together with the matching treatment requirements. Unfortunately,
these manuals do not include an additional chapter on standards and matching
treatment requirements that are appropriate for DCs. It would be greatly helpful
to the DCs if U.S. EPA would do this.
The job of the DC designer is to devise environmental standards and matching
treatment requirements that are appropriate for the particular DC. The target for
DCs should be point B in Figure 4.3 of the Introduction section, not the point C
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