Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
me/1 1 /
Constituent
Unit
Value
Other Parameters (13 to 22)
(13)
Silica (SiO 2 )
17.
-
(14)
Hardness (as CaCO 3 )
93.
1.84
(15)
Iron (Fe)
8.0
-
(16)
Manganese (Mn)
0.07
-
(17)
Boron (B)
3.6
-
(18)
Turbidity
ppm
15.
-
(19)
Suspended Solids
mg/l
45.
-
(20)
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
520.
-
(21)
Electrical conductivity
mm/cm
106.
-
(22)
Color
color units
0.1
Water Quality Monitoring
One of the most confusing issues for DC water quality (WQ) monitoring prac-
ticioners is selection of appropriate WQ monitoring parameters to suit the par-
ticular situation, and thus to spend money only to obtain valuable needed infor-
mation and not to obtain information that is not needed. A common mistake
in many DCs is to set up a monitoring system with a group of parameters
deemed at the time to be needed, then to continue on with this same sys-
tem year after year. The need is for critical review on an annual basis to
(1) fill gaps for valuable data not being obtained, and (2) delete parameters
where it is found that the data are not serving any useful purpose. In China,
for example, the river basin agencies commonly set up monitoring problems to
include a long list of parameters, as specified by national governmental guide-
lines (which include “everything in the topic”), then continue this indefinitely
(at no small expense) when a critical review would show than a sizable portion
of the data do not contribute in any way to assisting river basin development
planning 160 .
Figure 4.6 is a matrix that indicates the appropriate parameters to use for
various particular situations 163 .
Role of Private Sector
As already mentioned, use of the private sector for receiving DC problems in
UWSSs and USEMs has not yet been successful because, while the private sector
firm has the necessary skills, the firm must make a profit. Thus, it must increase
water use rates from the low rates commonly used in the DCs (which have
commonly subsidized UWSSs believing that this is a government obligation) to
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