Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
percentage of IAA-sponsored projects are in this category. However, if the
project is designed to suit DC conditions, there is a good chance that it will
actually be operated and effectively utilized, despite the many problems already
noted. What the DC practitioner critically needs (the same for his IAA adviser)
is a “cookbook” type of manual that can be copied (despite the practitioner's
lack of training/experience), just as a novice cook can make an edible cake
using a cookbook, and environmental lab technicians can do acceptable BOD
testing of wastewaters even with limited training.
To sum up, the essential purpose of this chapter is to illustrate how the
design information given in the other chapters, which is essentially IC-oriented,
can be properly modified to be applicable for use in DCs. The objective is to
enable DC (and IAA) practitioners to make valuable use of this sixth edition
of
Environmental Engineering
. Note not only that almost all existing textbooks/
manuals are intended for IC use, but also, the same applies to the articles in
the magazines/journals published by professional organizations such as ASCE,
AWWA, and WEF. The technologies described in these articles are much beyond
the affordability of most DCs now and in the foreseeable future
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.
Specific Subjects Included in This Chapter
Of the various technological fields discussed in the sixth edition of
Environmental
Engineering
, this chapter includes discussion of the major sanitary/environmental
engineering fields of urban water supply, urban sewage management, industrial
waste management, urban solid waste management, urban hazardous waste man-
agement, urban air pollution control, megacities, urban slums, urban sanitation,
rural sanitation, public health, and water resources, together with discussion of
the related subjects of environmental governance, environmental impact assess-
ment, emergencies management, environmental technology transfer, development
planning, global warming, and the future of global environmental issues.
Key Constraints in Environmental Engineering Practice in DCs
The
purpose of this section is to illustrate the key constraints involved in applying
environmental engineering technology in DCs (as distinguished from ICs).
Limited DC Expertise in Environmental Technology
This problem is
illustrated in Figure 4.1, which shows that many, if not most, DC/ET professionals
have limited actual apprenticeship experienced in working under the guidance of
ET experts, and moreover their academic training is often IC-oriented
72
.This
explains the need for “cookbook” versions of design textbooks/manuals for use
by DC practitioners (and their counterparts in the IAAs).
Appropriate DC Design Criteria/Environmental Standards
This problem
is illustrated in Figures 4.2 and 4.3. Review of the development of environmental
engineering design criteria (and matching environmental standards) in the ICs
shows that these have steadily increased over the decades along with increasing
