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1. A German debate on whether it was correct to support rebels in Libya with
military interventions (German debate “Enthaltung ist keine Haltung,” that is,
“Abstention is no position”)
2. A German debate, “Atomkrieger” (“Nuclear wars”), where the health and moral
implications of using nuclear energy are discussed among the participants of the
debate
3. An Italian debate “Giuliano Pisapia vs. Letizia Moratti,” which is an election
debate of the two main candidates running for the position of Mayor of Milan
(2011)
4. “Republican Debate October 18, 2011” or “Perry vs. Romney”—two candidates
running in the primary elections of the US Republican Party—a debate concern-
ing the nomination of the party's candidate for running for the US presidency
3.6.2
Analysis
For transcribing the videos, we used the Gothenburg transcription standard and
the modified standard orthography (MSO6) (Nivre
2000
,
2004
), while annotations
of the videos were done using ANVIL (Kipp
2001
). For vocal features, we used
PRAAT (Boersma and Weenink
2013
).
The analysis was based on combinations of features of behavior expressing
combinations of affective-epistemic states (cf. Allwood et al.
2012
), occurring in
different stages of conflict episodes in the political debates. These stages will be
discussed below in relation to (1) the exhibited behavior of the involved partners
(Sect.
3.7
) and (2) the different taxonomies of conflict mentioned above (Sect.
3.8
).
3.7
Stages of Conflict in Televised Political Debates
The interpretation of conflict in terms of stages is, as discussed above, not
straightforward. However, based on the corpus of televised political debates, a
number of stages can be proposed for this particular activity.
3.7.1
Stage 1: Early Phase—Pre-conflict/Latent Conflict
This phase is characterized by overtly fairly “neutral” and calm stances. One party
talks, making claims, which may contain arguments, that the other party can find
offensive. The purpose of the activity is a political debate between persons that can
be assumed to be antagonists so it is typically characterized by initial latent conflict.
Among the five models of conflict stages, described above, only Brahm's model
recognizes this stage.
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