Social Behaviour in Police Interviews: Relating Data to Theories - Conflict and Multimodal Communication: Social Research and Machine Intelligence - page 323

16.3.4.2 Systems Using This Concept

Multiple virtual agent systems have been created that are at least partly based
on speech or dialogue act theories. For example, the Mission Rehearsal Exercise
and Stability and Support Operations systems and their derivatives feature agent
decision making using speech acts (Swartout 2010 ). The same is true of Kopp's
virtual museum guide which distinguishes between the performed behaviours and
the communicative function of these behaviours (Kopp et al. 2005 ). This helps the
virtual guide to select responses that vary in their performance, yet have the same
communicative function.
Bickmore ( 2008 ) developed a health counselling agent that bases its reactions on
both interpersonal stances and framing. Bickmore uses four different conversational
frames to help the agent decide on how to react: the task frame, which is used for
information exchange; the social frame, which is used for social chat and small
talk interactions; the empathy frame, which is used for comforting interactions;
and the encourage frame, which is used for coaching, motivating and cheering up
interactions. With this information, combined with interpersonal stance, the agent
can decide what behaviour to show in different situations.

16.3.5 Strategy Selection

Suspect factors 1, 5 and 8 and police factors 3, 6, 10, 11 and 13 were interpreted
as having to do with strategies in interaction, see Tables 16.2 and 16.3 . Specifically,
the interpreters used the concepts confront, surround, evade , and annoy .
During communication, individuals make use of strategies to achieve their
desired goals. These strategies play an important role, especially during non-
cooperative communication such as in the police domain, as described in
Sect. 16.1.1 . Traum et al. ( 2008 ) describe a set of negotiation strategies—including
finding the issue, attacking to aggressively attain a goal, and advocating or proposing
solutions—and assert that the negotiating party must balance three goals to be
successful in a difficult negotiation. The negotiator has to find an acceptable solution
for the problem, gain and maintain the trust of the other participant(s) and manage
the interaction by setting the agenda and controlling the topic.
Campos et al. ( 2012 ) explain strategies in terms of conflict. In natural conflict
situations the agents will respond using emotional reactions. According to Campos
et al., conflict varies around five dimensions: participants, causes, initiating action,
responses and outcomes. Thomas ( 1992 ) argues that participants can take several
approaches to resolve conflicts: accommodation , avoidance , competition , collabo-
ration and compromise . As mentioned in the introduction, the Table of 10 by Giebels
( 2002 ) describes the strategies a police officer can use when, for example, they want
to convince the suspect that cooperation will be of mutual benefit.