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a
b
c
Figure 3a. Emblematic depiction of the seven mechanical arts after Hugo de St. Viktor;
from Rodericus Zamorensis,
Spiegel des menschlichen Lebens
, Augsburg 1475 (note
medicine no. 6) (repr. from Lindgren 1992, p. 71) (b) Emblematic depiction of the 14 arts,
from Bartholomeus Chasseuneux:
Catalogus gloriae mundi
, Lugdunum 1529 (note medi-
cine in the middle of second row) (repr. from Lindgren 1992, p. 67). (c) Cosmas and
Damian, the twin saints and Christian patrons of medicine; miniature from “Heures
d'Anne de Bretagne”, early sixteenth century (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Richelieu
Manuscripts Latin 9474, Fol. 173v).