Agriculture Reference
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spray is available in which 87 nm sized nano-droplets are utilized to enhance the
uptake of vitamin B 12 and other supplements for use in foods (Bouwmeester 2007 ).
Kraft Foods' Nanotek Consortium has plans to incorporate the electronic tongue
(which is a chemical change-based biosensor) into foods to release accurately
controlled amounts of the suitable molecules for the development of personalized
foods (Shelke 2006 ; Sozer and Kokini 2009 ).
1.8.3
Immobilization of Enzymes
Nanoporous media, nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, and magnetic nanoparticles are
used for enzyme immobilization (Kim et al. 2008 ; Kosseva et al. 2009 ; Mao
et al. 2006 ). Lipase immobilization on nanofibers and magnetic nanoparticles for
soybean oil hydrolysis have already been reported (Li and Wu 2009 ; Lee
et al. 2009 ; Wang et al. 2009 ).
1.8.4 Nanonutraceuticals
Nutraceutical may be defined as any substance that is a food or a part of a food and
provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of
disease. Nanomaterials can be used as bioactives in functional foods and nutraceu-
tical (Chau et al. 2007 ). Reducing the particle size of bioactives may improve the
availability, delivery properties, and solubility and biological activity. These are
because the biological activity of a substance depends on its ability to be transferred
across intestinal membranes into the blood. In addition, the stability of such
micronutrients during processing, storage, and distribution can be achieved by
nanotechnology application (Chen et al. 2006a ). Omega-3-fatty acids and certain
beneficial probiotic bacteria species, lycopene, vitamin D 2 , and ʲ -carotene have
demonstrated potential commercial success in research studies (El Sohaimy 2012 ).
Maintaining the stability of nutraceuticals throughout the production process is a
challenging task. The advent in nanotechnology will help to overcome this chal-
lenge for industry benefit (Cushen et al. 2012 ).
1.8.5 Nanofiltration
NF is a pressure-driven membrane process applied in the area between the separa-
tion capabilities of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes and ultrafiltration
(UF) membranes. It separates ions from solutes such as small molecules of sugars
and often removes the divalent ions (Ca, Mg, and ions of plating industry). The
molecular weight cutoff of NF membranes is between 200 and 1,000 Da, and pore
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