Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
cross through the plant cuticle due to their amphiphilic properties (Wiesman
et al.
2007
). Huang et al. (
2009
) have reported that cationic liposomes are able to
efficiently deliver NO to cells, which are readily incorporated into cellular mem-
branes, suggesting its good potential for use in plants. The kinetics of NO release
from liposome nanoparticles is well known. It is also known that encapsulation of
NO into these nanoparticles was responsible to preserve NO bioactivity by avoiding
its inactivation caused by hemoglobin scavenging (Huang et al.
2009
). Koehler
et al. (
2008
) described NO donor
S
-nitroso-
N
-acetylpenicillamine encapsulation
within this vesicle.
NO donors have the advantages that the NO release can be photo-stimulated and
dynamically modulated at the biological levels. Probably, this quality can be used
in plants, since the rates of NO release from a nanomaterial can be induced and
accelerated by light. Considering all these facts, it is possible to conclude that these
materials can find practical applications in plant science.
9.3.2 Nanostructured Lipid Carrier and Solid Lipid
Nanoparticles
Essential oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were useful for the formu-
lations of nano-pesticides (Lai et al.
2006
). Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)
were prepared by combining hot homogenization and sonication with different
ratios of corn oil (liquid lipid) and beeswax (solid lipid). Compared to SLN, the
incorporation of corn oil gave a higher payload, slower release rate, and higher
photo-protection for deltamethrin (Nguyen et al.
2012
).
9.3.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles
There are several important polymers that are used as carriers for many activities in
different areas. The following polymers are used in nanotechnology: chitosan that is
a polysaccharide; polyesters, such as polylactic, poly(e-caprolactone), and poly
(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (Marin et al.
2013
); and dendrimers that is a polymer
in which the atoms are arranged in many branches along a central backbone of
carbon.
