Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 5.3 Analytical results of OPPs in real samples for SPME-GC-CD-IMS (adapted from
Jafari et al.
2014
). Reproduced by permission of Elsevier
Amount added
Amount found
gL
1
)or
gL
1
)or
Relative error
b
(%)
(
(
μ
μ
gkg
1
)
a
gkg
1
)
a
RR%
c
Sample
Compound
(
(
μ
μ
0.19 (7)
d
98 (8)
d
Tap water
Diazinon
0.2
5
Fenthion
0.2
0.19 (4)
5
97 (6)
River
water
Diazinon
0.4
0.37 (6)
7.5
93 (5)
Fenthion
0.4
0.38 (8)
5
95 (5)
Cucumber
Diazinon
2.5
2.18 (5)
12.8
87 (8)
Fenthion
2.5
2.10 (4)
16
84 (7)
Lettuce
Diazinon
3.5
2.90 (7)
17.1
82 (5)
Fenthion
3.5
2.80 (9)
20
80 (6)
Apple
Diazinon
5
3.90 (8)
22
78 (9)
Fenthion
5
3.60 (11)
28
72 (7)
a
μ
gL
1
for tap and river water samples and
μ
gL
1
for cucumber, lettuce, and apple samples
b
The relative errors is the absolute error divided by the actual measurement
c
Relative recovery was calculated by analyzing real samples spiked with 0.2, 0.4
μ
gL
1
for water
and 2.5, 3.5 and 5
μ
gL
1
for vegetable and apple samples
d
Relative standard deviation, RSD (%)
be applied as an alternative biocompatible and eco-friendly strategy for pesticide
removal, with a potential application in the water treatment process. Bin Hussein
et al. (
2009
) had already developed a novel nanohybrid pesticide controlled release
system from 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyrate and a Zn-Al-layered double hydrox-
ide inorganic interlayer by different methods.
5.3.3
Inorganic Matrices
Khan and Akhtar (
2011
) evaluated the potential of the application of a poly-
o
-
toluidine Zr(IV) phosphate nanocomposite as a pesticide sensitive membrane
electrode. The pesticide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5-T) was used in
this study. Adsorption isotherm results of the nanocomposites with dimensions
ranging between 42 and 100 nm were satisfactory. These electrodes presented a
good degree of reproducibility up to the detection limit up to one month.
Berahmand et al. (
2012
) studied, by factorial design, the application of silver
nanoparticles on the growth of fodder maize (
Zea mays
L.). The authors concluded
that the most efficient treatment was the treatment that combined the silver
nanoparticles with a magnetic field, with results that achieved a yield of 74.5 tons
per hectare, representing an improvement of 35 % in comparison to the control.
Other important strategies of the controlled release of nitrogen and urea into the soil
to improve the plant growth and the yield of tomatoes were reported by Kottegoda
et al. (
2011
) and Zhu et al. (
2012
), respectively.
