Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
The sol-gel process offers an improved alternative technique for producing bioactive
surfaces for better bone attachment owing to its nanocrystalline characteristics, homoge-
neity, and bioreactivity (Ben-Nissan and Chai 1995; Gross et al. 1998).
Various sol-gel routes have been employed for the production of synthetic hydroxyapa-
tite powders since the early 1990s. A number of excellent studies have been conducted on
a range of precursors to produce pure nanocrystalline apatite powders, solid products, or
coatings for medical and engineering applications (Choi and Ben-Nissan 2007). The major
ones are calcium acetate, calcium alkoxide, calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide, calcium
nitrate, and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and are shown in Table 2.1. It has been reported
by some of the investigators that the thickness of the sol-gel derived hydroxyapatite coat-
ings produced are in the 70 to 100 nm range (Ben-Nissan and Chai 1995; Anast et al. 1996).
TABLE 2.1
Some of the Published Work Showing Nanohydroxyapatite and Related Material Production
Based on a Number of Different Sol-Gel Synthesis Methods
Calciu
mandPhosphorusPrecursor
Investigators
Calcium Acetate
Ca(CH
3
COO)
2
·H
2
O / (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
Bogdanoviciene et al. (2006)
Ca(CH
3
COO)
2
/ H
3
PO
4
/ P
4
O
10
Balamurugan et al. (2006)
Ca(CH
3
COO)
2
Cihlar and Castkova (1998)
Calcium Alkoxide
Ca(OEt)
2
/ P(OC
2
H
5
)
3
Masuda et al. (1990)
Ca(OEt)
2
/ (C
2
H
5
O)
2
P(O)H)
Ben-Nissan and Chai (1995)
Chai et al. (1995)
Gross et al. (1998)
Milev et al. (2003)
Ca(OEt)
2
/ (H
3
PO
4
)
Layrolle and Lebugle (1994)
Layrolle et al. (1998)
Calcium Chloride
CaCl
2
·2H
2
O / Na
2
HPO
4
·2H
2
O
Andersson et al. (2005)
CaCl
2
/ NaH
2
PO
4
Sarig and Kahana (2006)
Calcium Hydroxide
Ca(OH)
2
- PVA / H
3
PO
4
Wang et al. (2005)
Ca(O
2
C
8
H
15
)
2
) / C
16
H
35
O
4
P
Tkalcec et al. (2001)
Calcium Nitrate
Ca(NO
3
)·4H
2
O / (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
/ Citric Acid
Han et al. (2004)
Ca(NO
3
)·4H
2
O / PO(OH)
3-x
(OEt)
x
/ Citric Acid
Weng et al. (2002)
Ca(NO
3
) / P(OC
2
H
5
)
3
Balamurugan et al. (2006)
Ca(NO
3
)
2
·4H
2
O / P(OC
2
H
5
)
3
Kim et al. (2005)
Ca(NO
3
)
2
·4H
2
O / (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
·3H
2
O
Stoch et al. (2005)
Ca(NO
3
)
2
·4H
2
O / P
2
O
5
Yang et al. (2005)
Ca(NO
3
)
2
·4H
2
O / P(OC
2
H
5
)
3
&
Ca(NO
3
)
2
·4H
2
O / (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
·3H
2
O
Gan and Pilliar (2004)
Ca(NO
3
)
2
·4H
2
O / P
4
O
10
& NH
4
PF
6
&
Cheng et al. (2001)
Ca(NO
3
)
2
/ (NH
4
)
3
HPO
4
Bose and Saha (2003)
Ca(NO
3
)
2
·4H
2
O / (C
2
H
5
O)
3
PO
Hsieh et al. (2002)
Ca(NO
3
)
2
·4H
2
O / H
3
PO
4
Lim et al. (2001)
Calcium Phosphate
CaHPO
4
·2H
2
O / CaCO
3
Shin et al. (2004)
Search WWH ::
Custom Search