Bone-Like Mineral and Organically Modified Bone-Like Mineral Coatings - Biological and Biomedical Coatings: Processing and Characterization - page 27

and stiffness, which are important requirements for load-bearing implants. Inductivity
can be integrated into this conductive approach by the incorporation of biomolecules such
as proteins, peptides, and DNA to generate inorganic/organic hybrids that are capable of
facilitating and enhancing cell-matrix interactions.
These hybrids can be synthesized using adsorption or coprecipitation techniques, or a
combination of both depending on the type of response desired. Protein engineering can be
utilized to recruit bone cell populations initially to implant surfaces, by designing peptides
that bind specifically with strong affinity to both BLM materials and cells. These peptides
mimic naturally found bone ECM adhesive proteins, such as osteopontin and bone sialo-
protein, and mediate cell adhesion to apatite. Coprecipitating mineral and biomolecules can
provide the signaling cues required for cell proliferation and differentiation, leading to new
bone formation. Coprecipitation also provides control over spatial and temporal release of
the biomolecules, allowing for multiple growth factor delivery during different stages of
cellular differentiation, a concept similar to growth factor sequestration by the ECM in vivo.
A blend of both adsorption and coprecipitation, in conjunction with biomimetically precipi-
tated apatite, can be utilized to develop bone analogs that mimic the natural environment
with greater precision, thereby ensuring controlled and uniform tissue regeneration.
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