Bioactive Glass-Based Coatings and Modified Surfaces: Strategies for the Manufacture, Testing, and Clinical Applications for Regenerative Medicine - Biological and Biomedical Coatings: Processing and Characterization - page 396

1 day

1 µ m

7 days

1 µ m

14 days

1 µ m

FIGURE 9.8
SEM images typical apatite formation, with time, on bioceramic surfaces during immersion in either SBF.

Research has focused on developing formulations with carbonate contents that are simi-
lar to plasma (e.g., R-SBF, I-SBF; see Table 9.9). Oyane and coworkers developed I-SBF that
simulated the influence of protein adsorption by including the free ions that were not
bound to proteins.
It should be noted that apatite formation on bioceramics/biomaterials surfaces is not
an absolute indicator of bone tissue attachment in vivo. For example, immersion of β-TCP

TABLE 9.9
Compositions of Selected Simulated Body Fluids

IonicConcentration(mM)

HumanBlood
Plasma[23]

C-SBF2
[21]

C-SBF3
[21]

R-SBF1
[21]

I-SBF5
[21]

SBF-JL1
[21]

SBF-JL2
[23]

Ion

Na + 142.00 142.00 142.00 142.00 142.00 142.00 142.00

K + 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 - -

Mg 2+ 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.50 - -

Ca 2+ 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 1.6 2.50 2.31

HCO 3− 27.00 4.20 35.23 27.00 27.00 34.90 34.88

HPO 2 4− 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.39

SO 2 4− 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 - -

Cl − 103.00 147.96 117.62 103.00 103.00 111.00 109.90

Note: In addition, solution contains buffer of 11.93 g/L HEPES 2-(4-hydroxyethy1)-1-piperazinyl)ethane surfo-
nic acid.