Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
9
BioactiveGlass-BasedCoatings
and Modified Surfaces:
Strategies for the Manufacture,Testing,and
Clinical
A
pplicationsforRegenerativeMedicine
JasonMaroothynaden
CONTENTS
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 378
Biomaterials ................................................................................................................................. 378
What Is a Biomaterial?........................................................................................................... 379
Clinical Need in Orthopedic Applications ......................................................................... 380
Tissue Engineering Approach to Biomaterials Development.......................................... 380
Bioceramics and Glasses ............................................................................................................ 381
First-Generation Bioceramics ............................................................................................... 382
Bioactive Glasses .................................................................................................................... 384
45S5 Composition (Bioglass
®
).......................................................................................... 384
Bioactive Glass-Ceramics................................................................................................. 386
Sol-Gel Bioactive Glasses ................................................................................................. 387
Development and Selection of Bioactive Glasses (In Vivo and In Vitro Testing) .............. 390
Mechanical Performance ....................................................................................................... 391
Standards for Biocompatibility Testing............................................................................... 392
Bioactivity Testing .................................................................................................................. 393
Morphological Testing ........................................................................................................... 397
Atomic Force Microscopy................................................................................................. 397
In Vitro Cellular Testing ........................................................................................................ 397
In Vivo Testing ........................................................................................................................ 398
Bioactive Glass Coatings on Load-Bearing Implants............................................................. 402
Strategies for Improved Tissue Attachment ....................................................................... 402
Topological Modifications (Surface Roughness)........................................................... 404
Bioactive Glass Coatings on Metallic Implants.................................................................. 404
Thick Coatings (>100 μm)................................................................................................. 406
Thin Coatings (<100 μm) .................................................................................................. 409
Bioactive Glass Coatings for Tissue Engineering Applications............................................ 413
Coatings on Tissue-Engineering Scaffolds ......................................................................... 414
Polymeric Scaffolds ........................................................................................................... 414
Nanoscopic Surface Modification of Bioactive Glasses ......................................................... 418
Strategies to Mimic Extracellular Matrix ............................................................................ 419
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