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In-Depth Information
Table 1 Physiological
indicators used in
psychophysiology
<Direct indicators of brain activation>
Central nervous system
Electrical activity and magnetic fl fluctuations in the brain
Brain waves (electroencephalography; EEG)
Event-related potential (ERP)
Brain magnetic activity (magnetoencephalography; MEG)
Glucose metabolism and cerebral hemodynamics associated
with neural activity in the brain
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
<Indirect indicators of brain activation>
Autonomic nervous system
Circulatory system activity (Heart rate, pulse, blood pressure,
etc.)
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Respiratory system activity
Electrodermal activity
Skin conductance level (SCL)
Skin conductance response (SCR)
Somatic nervous system
Myotonia
Electromyogram (EMG)
Eye movement
Electrooculogram (EOG)
Endocrine system
Blood hormone levels (cortisol, etc.)
Immune system
Salivary markers of immunity (cortisol, secretory immuno-
globulin A, etc.)
CNS activity, there were many important studies that relied on measuring auto-
nomic nervous system activity and other indirect indicators of brain activity. For
example, many ! findings for mental disorders have been obtained by assessing
readouts of autonomic nervous system activity, such as heart rate fl fluctuations and
electrodermal activity in anxiety disorders. Further advancements were brought
about by the widespread use of use of tools for directly measuring CNS activity,
such as electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potential (ERP). Begin-
ning in the 1980s, other new functional neuroimaging methods were developed,
such as PET and fMRI. These methods have made it possible to conduct detailed
examinations of the functional brain mechanisms underlying emotion, higher
cognitive functioning, and cognitive and behavioral
impairment
in mental
disorders.
 
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