Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
(a)
(b)
70°E
75°E
80°E
85°
E
70°E
75°E
80°E
85°E
35°N
35°N
35°N
35°N
China
China
L
udhi
ana
L
u
dh
iana
30°N
30°N
30°N
30°N
Nepal
Nepal
25°N
25°N
25°N
25°N
20°N
20°N
20°N
20°N
Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam
H
y
d
era
b
ad
Hyde
r
ab
ad
15°N
15°N
15°N
15°N
Ba
ng
al
ore
Chenna i
Ban
ga
l
ore
Chenna i
Madurai
Madurai
10°N
10°N
10°N
10°N
70°E
70°E
75°E
80°E
85°E
75°E
80°E
85°E
Dryland cropland and pasture
Irrigated cropland and pasture
Cropland/grassland mosaic
Cropland/woodland mosaic
Other s
Dryland cropland and pasture to
irrigated cropland and pasture
Others to irrigated cropland and pasture
Others to dryland cropland and pasture
No change
Fig. 7.1 Spatial pattern of cultivated land in the base year of 2010 (a) and its possible changes in
future (b) in India
CAM3 radiation scheme (Gettelman et al.
2008
), WSM3-class simple ice micro-
physics (MP) scheme (Challa et al.
2009
), Grell-Devenyi ensemble scheme for
cumulus convection, and YSU boundary layer scheme (Hong et al.
2006
).
The fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) pro-
duced a state-of-the-art multi-model dataset advancing our knowledge of climate
variability and climate change. This model output, which is analyzed by
researchers worldwide, underlies the Fifth Assessment Report by the Intergov-
ernmental Panel on Climate Change (Taylor et al.
2012
). It provides projections of
future climate change on two timescales, near term (out to about 2035) and long-
term (out to 2100 and beyond). Model output of the latter of Representative
Concentration Pathway (RCP) 6.0, such as air temperature, specific humidity, sea
level pressure, eastward wind, northward wind, and geopotential height from 2010
to 2050 was used as the atmospheric forcing dataset of WRF model.
The parameters of the Noah land surface parameterization is adjusted for the
application in India case. In addition, the vegetation parameters related with the
land cover as well as the land cover change are revised since this study mainly
focuses on the effects of the land cover changes rather than those of the radiation
process.
