Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
3500
1800
2080
2031
1600
3000
1400
2500
1200
2000
1000
800
1500
600
1000
400
500
200
0
0
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
(a) Reserves
(b) World resources
Fig. 13.40 The Hubbert Peak applied to phosphate rock reserves (a) and world resources (b).
Data obtained from USGS (2010)
7000
3500
2110
1989
6000
3000
5000
2500
4000
2000
3000
1500
2000
1000
500
1000
0
0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300
(a) Reserves
(b) World resources
Fig. 13.41 The Hubbert Peak applied to lead reserves (a) and world resources (b). Data obtained
from USGS (2010)
Although the most extracted fossil fuel in the world is coal, as revealed by the
historical statistics included in Table D.13, Table D.14 and Table D.15, in exergy
terms, the most consumed has been oil. Indeed the latter has accounted for 42%
of the total fuel exergy degradation in the 20th century, while coal and natural gas
Table 13.5 The exergy loss of coal, oil and natural gas in the 20th century
1900-2009
1996-
2009
D,
Mtoe/yr
D,
Mtoe/yr
Mineral B,
Mtoe
% R
loss
R/P,
yrs
Peak
(proven
reserves)
Peak
(add.
resources)
Coal
1.56E+05
1.43E+03
2.92E+03
23.2
138
2059
2159
Oil
1.74E+05
1.58E+03
4.01E+03
45.9
49
2012
2027
Natural
gas
8.40E+04
1.81E+03
2.44E+03
32.4
63
2024
2069
SUM
4.14E+05 4.82E+03 9.38E+03 31.5
118
2031
2089
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