The Exergy Evolution of Mineral Wealth - Thanatia: The Destiny of the Earth's Mineral Resources - page 405

Zirconium
Zinc
Wolfram
Vanadium
Uranium
Titanium-ilmenite
Titanium-rutile
Tin
Thorium
Tellurium
Tantalum
Strontium
Silver
Silicon
Selenium
Rhenium
REE
Potash
PGM
Phosphate rock
Niobium
Nickel - laterites
Nickel - sulfides
Molybdenum
Mercury
Manganese
Magnesium
Lithium
Limestone
Lead
Iron ore
Iodine
Indium
Helium
Gypsum
Graphite
Gold
Germanium
Gallium
Fluorspar
Feldspar
Copper
Cobalt
Chromium
Cesium
Cadmium
Boron
Bismuth
Beryllium
Barium
Arsenic
Antimony
Aluminium (Bauxite)

3,500,000,000

Production, tons

3,000,000,000

2,500,000,000

2,000,000,000

1,500,000,000

Phosphate rock

Limestone

1,000,000,000

Iron ore

500,000,000

Gypsum

Aluminium

0

Fig. 13.31 Production of the main non-fuel mineral commodities on Earth in the 20th century

Zirconium
Zinc
Wolfram
Vanadium
Uranium
Titanium-ilmenite
Titanium-rutile
Tin
Thorium
Tellurium
Tantalum
Strontium
Silver
Silicon
Selenium
Rhenium
REE
Potash
PGM
Niobium
Nickel - laterites
Nickel - sulfides
Molybdenum
Mercury
Manganese
Magnesium
Lithium
Lead
Iodine
Indium
Helium
Graphite
Gold
Germanium
Gallium
Fluorspar
Feldspar
Copper
Cobalt
Chromium
Cesium
Cadmium
Boron
Bismuth
Beryllium
Barium
Arsenic
Antimony

180,000,000

Production, tons

160,000,000

140,000,000

120,000,000

Zinc

100,000,000

Titanium

Silver

80,000,000 Potash

Manganese

60,000,000

Magnesium

Lead

Fluorspar

40,000,000

Feldspar

Copper

20,000,000

Chromium

Boron

Barium

0

Fig. 13.32 Production of the main non-fuel mineral commodities on Earth in the 20th century,
excluding aluminium, iron, gypsum, phosphate rock and limestone

The total natural bonus lost associated with the dispersion of the non-fuel mi-
nerals analysed is near 100 Gtoe. This means that to replace all dispersed non-fuel
mineral commodities with current technology, one would require about a third of
all available fuel oil reserves on Earth (346 Gtoe Table 11.20).
Excluding potash, iron and aluminium, which eclipse the rest of the commodi-
ties, one can observe in Fig. 13.34 that in decreasing order, the production of gold,