The Exergy of the Earth and its Mineral Resources - Thanatia: The Destiny of the Earth's Mineral Resources - page 337

11.3.1.2 Oil

The composition of the main types of oil is listed in Table 11.12. In this topic only
fuel-oil 1, 2 and 4 are taken into account in the calculations, since they are the most
commonly used. Their classification is taken from the study of Valero and Arauzo
(1991).

Table 11.12 HHV and elementary analysis (% by weight) of the different
types of oil, according to the British standard BS2869:1998

RANK HHV, O H C N S

kJ/kg

Fuel-Oil 1 46,365 0.2 13.2 86.5 0 0.1

Fuel-Oil 2 45,509 0.2 12.7 86.4 0.1 0.6

Fuel-Oil 4 43,920 0.4 11.9 86.1 0.2 1.4

The chemical composition of the fuels described above generate the thermody-
namic properties of Table 11.13.

Table 11.13 Thermodynamic properties of the different types of oil

kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/(kgK) kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg

h 0 f s 0 f Type HHV b I b II b III

Fuel-Oil 1 46,365 -622.1 2.8 46,247 46,251 46,259

Fuel-Oil 2 45,509 -763.7 2.7 45,466 45,470 45,517

Fuel-Oil 4 43,920 -1279.1 2.6 43,888 43,892 44,002

As with coal, the exergy of fuels increases from R.E. I to III. In the case of oil,
exergy can be approximated, with no significant error (maximum error is 0.26%),
to its HHV. Subsequently, the exergy of the world's proven oil reserves is calculated
(Table 11.14).

Table 11.14: The exergy of the world's oil proven reserves reported in BP
(2011). Values stipulated are in thousand million tonnes if not otherwise spec-
ified

Country Fuel-Oil 1 Fuel-Oil 2 Fuel-Oil 3 Exegy, Mtoe

USA 3.7 4,035.1

Canada 5.0 5,431.7

Mexico 1.6 1,696.4

Total North 10.3 - 11,163.2

America

Argentina 0.3 375.4

Brazil 2.0 2,120.8

Colombia 0.3 282.8

Ecuador 0.9 937.3

Peru 0.2 181.6

Trinidad & To-
bago

0.1 128.7

Venezuela 30.4 32,976.7

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