Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 11.1: Thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere. Values of H
0
fi
,
G
0
fi
, b
0
chi
in kJ/mol. - continued from previous page.
H
f i
G
f i
b
chi
Substance
Formula
x
i
[-]
Hydrogen peroxide
H
2
O
2
5.05E-09
-191.3
-131.9
108.2
Formaldehyde
CH
2
O
5.50E-10
-117.2
-113.0
535.3
Chlorofluorocarbon 12
CF
2
Cl
2
5.40E-10
-477.2
-439.5
651.1
Ammonia
NH
3
5.05E-10
-46.1
-16.5
338.0
Sulphur dioxide
SO
2
5.05E-10
-297.0
-300.3
310.9
Carbonyl sulphide
OCS
5.00E-10
-142.2
-169.4
850.1
Chlorofluorocarbon 11
CFCl
3
2.65E-10
-276.3
-238.6
636.1
Hydrogen sulphide
H
2
S
2.53E-10
-20.6
-27.9
815.5
Carbon disulphide
CS
2
1.51E-10
117.4
67.2
1692.0
Carbon tetrachloride
CCl
4
9.80E-11
-103.0
-60.7
598.1
Methylchloroform
CH
3
CCl
3
6.50E-11
35.6
51.9
1412.9
Dimethyl sulphide
CH
3
SCH
3
5.50E-11
-45.8
-4.4
2131.7
Hydroperoxyl radical
HO
2
2.00E-12
20.9
22.6
144.6
Hydroxyl radical
OH
5.00E-14
39.0
34.2
154.3
Sum
1.00
According to Table 11.1, the average standard enthalpy, Gibbs free energy and
chemical exergy of the atmosphere are the following:
X
(H
0
(x
i
H
f;i
) = 1:42E 01 kJ/mol
f
)
atm
=
i=1
X
(G
0
(x
i
G
f;i
+ RT
0
lnx
i
) = 1:55 kJ/mol
f
)
atm
=
i=1
X
(b
0
(x
i
b
chi
+ RT
0
lnx
i
) = 1:06E 01 kJ/mol
ch
)
atm
=
i=1
11.2.2 The thermodynamic properties of the hydrosphere
In this section, the thermodynamic properties of the main constituents of oceans,
rivers, groundwaters and glacial runoff are provided. For all subsystems, values for
H
f i
and G
f i
are again taken from Weast et al. (1986).
Table 11.2 shows the thermodynamic properties of the major substances that
compose seawater. The composition of the oceans assumed is that of Table 5.5,
which comprises more than than 99% of them. The more comprehensive composi-
tion given in Table 5.6 could not be used, as although the concentration of minor
elements found in seawater are listed, their exact molecular formulas are not speci-
fied
1
.
1
For instance, the concentration of vanadium is given, but not the compound which could be any
one of the following V O
+
2
, V
+
, V
3+
.
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