Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
SORBENT
ADDITIONS STACK
Ti SWARF
OIL/WATER
TO SPECIALIST
RECOVERY
OPERATOR
SWARF
CRUSHING
CERAMIC
FILTER
CYCLONE
CENTRIFUGE
FINES TO
LANDFILL
FINES TO
LANDFILL
TITANIUM
SOLIDS
FERROUS
SCRAP
AFTERBURNER
THERMAL
DEGREASING
RAW MATERIALS WEIGHING
CYCLONE
FINES TO LANDFILL
MELTING
ELECTRIC INDUCTION FURNACE
(WATER COOLED)
STACK
BAG
FILTER
CASTING
FUME DUST
TO LANDFILL
FeTi INGOTS
INGOT TRANSFER TO FURTHER OPERATIONS
BREAKING, CRUSHING, GRINDING, SIEVING, PACKING
DESPATCH
Fig.8.11Ferro-titaniumproduction(IPPC,2009)
8.11.7 Niobium and Tantalum
At present, pyrochlores in carbonatite complexes are the mineral ores most exploited
for the obtaining of niobium. Open pit mines contain ores typically comprising 2.5-
3% Nb
2
O
5
which become physically concentrated to a 55-60% niobium oxide. This
oxide is mostly used for producing ferroniobium.
Furthermore, minerals containing tantalum often also have niobium which is
recovered as a co-product. The main mineral ores for tantalum and niobium are
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