Metallurgy of Key Minerals - Thanatia: The Destiny of the Earth's Mineral Resources - page 189

Concentrates
Fluxes
Internal recycles: Slags, flue
dusts, etc.
Secondary Cu material

Primary
Concentrate to Matte
Smelting

Flash smelting furnace

Roast + Electric furnace

Bath smelting furnace

Slag Slag cleaning:

Matte

Slow cooling & flotation

Electric furnace, Teniente slag
cleaning

SO 2 Production of liquid SO 2 ,

sulphuric acid, oleum

Anode scrap
Copper scrap
Internal recycles: Slags, dust,
etc.

Converting P.S. converter

Other converters

Blister copper

Copper scrap Fire-refining &

Anode casting

Rotary anode furnace

Hearth shaft furnace / Contimelt

Copper anodes

Electrolytic refining Conventional

Permanent cathode technology,
e.g. ISA process

Copper cathodes

Shaft furnaces

Copper cathodes
Pure copper scrap

Melting,
Casting of
Shapes, Wire-rod

Electric induction furnaces

Rotary furnaces

Fig.8.4Copperproductionprocesses(IPPC,2009)

Secondary copper smelting adds VOCs and PCDD/F emissions to those men-
tioned above. Diffuse and uncaptured emissions are also a problem. These come
from limestone calcination, the use of coke as a reducing agent, the combustion of
coke or natural gas for heating purposes and the eventual use of fossil fuels for the
electricity production required in electro-refining, electro-winning, oxygen blasting
and separation, etc (IPPC, 2009; Kennecott Utah Copper, 2004; Classen et al.,
2007; Coursol and Diaz, 2010).

capture, for example, the arsenite ions which become further precipitated with lime or Fe(III)
ions.