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Fig. 8.2 Stainless steel production (Norgate et al., 2007)
151 Mt input 3 ended up as off-gases, process gases and solid production residues
(IPPC, 2012).
According to the IPPC (2012) the specific energy demand has been reduced
from the 23 GJ/t of liquid steel needed in 1980 to approximately 18 GJ/t in 2004
for modern integrated steelworks. For secondary steel production meanwhile, the
(IPPC, 2012) reports an average energy consumption of 5.9 GJ/t for European
electric arc furnaces with a fossil fuel input of about 0.5 GJ/t liquid steel.
Norgate et al. (2007) report a life cycle gross energy requirement beginning with
the mining of iron ore to the production of steel produced in the integrated route
of 23 GJ/t. For stainless steel produced in an EAF this figure increases sharply to
75 GJ/t. Norgate et al. (2007) also propose a global warming potential (GWP), for
steel and stainless steel of 2.6 and 6.8 t CO 2 e=t Fe respectively. If one compares
such values to the next evaluated case of aluminium it becomes clear that a tonne
of primary aluminium needs approximately 10 times more energy than a tonne of
steel. The same relationship exists for the GWP (Beer et al., 1998).
Others such as the Bureau of International Recycling (Grimes et al., 2008),
publish slightly different values as to the energy requirements of 1 tonne of steel
manufacture. For primary production, they report two figures: 14 GJ (BF-BOF
route) and 19.20 GJ (direct reduced iron + EAF route). For its secondary produc-
tion (only EAF route) they state 11.7 GJ. In this report, the carbon footprint for
3 The 206 Mt of crude steel produced in the EU27 in 2006 required 126 Mt of iron ore, 121 Mt of
scrap, 53.5 Mt of coal, 32.2 Mt of limestone and dolomite and 17.7 Mt of other additives.
 
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