Evolution and Genetic Engineering - Bioprocess Engineering: Kinetics, Biosystems, Sustainability and Reactor Design - page 694

CHAPTER
14

Evolution and Genetic En gineering

OUTLINE

14.1. Mutations 696 14.3. Natural Mechanisms for Gene

Transfer and Rearrangement 14.1.1. What Causes Genetic

Mutations?

706

697 14.3.1. Genetic Recombination 707

14.1.1.1. Spontaneous
Mutations

14.3.2. Transformation 708

698 14.3.3. Transduction 708

14.3.4. Episomes and Conjugation 710

14.1.1.2. Induced
Mutations

14.3.5. Transposons: Internal Gene
Transfer

698

14.1.2. Types of Mutations 698 710

14.1.2.1. Germ-Line
Mutations and
Somatic
Mutations

14.4. Techniques of Genetic
Engineering 711

14.4.1. Gene Synthesis 711

699

14.4.2. Complimentary DNA 711

14.1.2.2. Lethal, Non-
Lethal, and
Neutral
Mutations

14.4.3. Cloning Genes into a
Plasmid 712
14.4.4. Polymerase Chain Reaction 712
14.4.5. Vectors and Plasmids

699

712

14.1.2.3. Point Mutations 699

14.4.5.1. Restriction
Enzymes

14.1.3. Large-Scale Mutations 701

714

14.1.3.1. Chromosomal
Structural
Mutations

14.4.5.2. DNA Ligase 714

14.4.5.3. Plasmids 716

701

14.4.5.4. Gene Transfer 717

14.1.3.2. Changes in
Chromosome
Number

14.5. Applications of Genetic
Engineering 702 719

14.2. Selection 703 14.6. The Product and Process

Decisions 14.2.1. Natural Selection 703 721

14.2.2. Artificial Selection (Selection
of Mutants with Useful
Mutations)

14.7. HosteVector System Selection 723

14.7.1. Escherichia coli 724

704