Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
OH
COOH
O
COOH
COOH
C = O
CH
3
HCOH
OH
OH
C = O
HCH
HCOH
HO
HO
Dehydrase
HOCH
HCOH
KDGP
aldolase
Glucose
Pyruvate
HCO
2
−
O
−
PO
3
HCOH
HCOH
H
2
C
−
O
−
PO
2
−
HCOH
H
2
C
−
O
−
PO
3
2
−
O
PO
2
−
H
2
C
−
O
−
OH
OH
HO
6-Phosphogluconic
acid
2-Keto-3-deoxygluconate
6-phosphate (KDGP)
Glyceraldehyde-
3-phosphate
HO
Glucose-6-phosphate
FIGURE 10.32
Entner
e
Doudoroff pathway.
a wide variety of organisms to select one that will maximize the yield of a desired product,
while minimizing the formation of other by-products.
10.10.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF METABOLIC PATH
WAYS
In a given cell, major metabolic pathways we learned so far are synergetically integrated
together so that the cell can function in certain way.
Figures 10.34 and 10.35
show two exam-
ples of such integrations: one for microbial cell and another for mammalian cell.
Sugars
Pyruvic acid
2 H
Lactic acid
Pyruvic acid
α
-acetolactic acid
CO
2
CO
2
ATP
CoA
Acetoin
ADP
CO
2
2 H
Formic acid
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetic acid
2,3-butanediol
2 H
CoA
4 H
H
2
+ CO
2
Ethanol
Acetic acid
Malic acid
Acetyl CoA
2 H
4 H
H
2
O
CoA + O
2
Acetoacetyl CoA
Succinic acid
Butyryl CoA
CO
2
Acetone
4 H
2 H
Propionic acid
CoA
4 H
CoA
Butyric acid
Butanol
isopropanol
FIGURE 10.33
Derivations of some major end products of the bacterial fermentations of sugars from pyruvic
acid. The end products are shown in boldface type.
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