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options can be diversified by marketing speciality products and certification schemes may
help in growing high value niche markets for sustainably harvested plant products, cheese,
meats, leather, honey, and forest products, with heritage value and cultural significance (Le
Maitre et al. 2009, Roura-Pascual et al. 2009, von Wehrden et al. 2014). As well as providing
livelihood and employment options, these systems can also reinforce social cohesion and
create common goals between conservationists and stakeholders. For example, agricultural
resilience is enhanced by agroforestry, agropastoral and sylvicultural techniques that pro-
vide a range of forest products and crops in integrated systems that are embedded in local
cultural context (Fischer et al. 2012). The planning framework (Figure 7.7) incorporates long-
term data, natural science, and social and cultural aspirations into a shared vision-setting
exercise, which underpins the adaptive management cycle.
Box 7.1 Navigating complexity for conservation and sustainability
in the Anthropocene
Conservation challenge: Create resilience, build
adaptive capacity and sustain ecosystem services
through a multifunctional landscape approach.
Navigate complexity and uncertain futures through
interdisciplinary co-learning and stakeholder en-
gagement. Learn from traditional management, and
accommodate local context and long-term perspec-
tives in developing landscape visions based on a
past-present-future perspective.
Palaeoecological challenge: Engage with devel-
oping narratives of landscape history that contribute
to the development of realistic future landscape vi-
sions and the sustainability of ecosystem services.
Make long-term data spatially explicit, and relevant
to the development of thresholds of potential con-
cern that are locally appropriate and cognisant of
cultural landscape elements.
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