Nature, Culture, and Conservation in the Anthropocene - Biodiversity Conservation and Environmental Change - page 164

values of stakeholders (Opdam et al. 2013, Rogers et al. 2013). In Figure 7.7, natural science,
social science, the humanities, and local expertise are blended to produce a description of
landscape change over time, and this can help to define the range of ecological possibilities
in the light of knowledge of future scenarios. The articulation of a range of landscape
descriptions or 'narratives' can provide a framework for capturing multiple perspectives.
Conservation, management and policy decisions are also underpinned by narratives that
explain the rationale for decisions and the reasons why they are important (Du Toit 2012).

Natural
Science Tr aditional

Knowledge

Social
Science

LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION
(Pattern, Process, Scale)

What is the range of
ecological possibilities?
(Long-term data,
modelling)

Past range of
variability

Future
Scenarios

Socio-economic
context

Culture

VISION FOR
THE
LANDSCAPE

Governance and
policy context

Values

Local
Context

Scientific context

DEFINE MAIN LANDSCAPE
ZONES

Biodiversity

Resilience And
Thresholds

What are the key
drivers? (Monitoring,
experiments,
modelling)

Ecosystem
Services

Adaptive
Capacity

Livelihoods

ENVIRONMENTAL
UNCERTAINTY

DEFINE THRESHOLDS OF
POTENTIAL CONCERN

SOCIO-ECONOMIC
UNCERTAINTY

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
(Implementation,
monitoring, adaptation,
modelling)

Fig u re 7.7 Working towards multifunctional landscapes, using a multidisciplinary approach and
incorporating multiple stakeholder needs, as well as local and governance context. Inspired by Kay
et al. (1999), du Toit et al. (2003), Waltner-Toews and Kay (2005), and Wolfe et al. (2007).