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(a)
1832
Data + maps
social
perception and
economic
value
1832 - land survey
written sources
analysis
planning
management
conservation
valorization
1954 - aerial photograph
written sources
oral sources
G. I. S.
DATA
BASE
1954
Data + maps
evaluation
analysis
2000 - aerial photograph
written+oral sources
eld work
eld work
2000
Data + maps
(b)
(c)
Anthropization
Deforestation
Forestation
Extensi
cation
Landslide
Intensi
cation
Unchanged
Figure 6.6
(a) The 'Historical and Cultural Evaluation Approach' (HCEA) to assessing the cultural iden-
tity of an area, and used to create a monitoring system for landscape resources, here applied in Tuscany.
(b) The dynamic of the main processes affecting landscape changes between 1832-2002 area.
Anthropization refers to built up areas, infrastructures, roads, etc. (c) Farmers collecting leaves of chest-
nut to be used as fodder for cows. In many areas, woodlands were managed to produce a variety of prod-
ucts based on local traditional knowledge and timber was not the main product of the forest (Agnoletti
2007). Reproduced with permission from Elsevier.
The process of homogenization and biodiversity loss is linked to the abandonment of tra-
ditional farming practice and forest management, associated with chestnut groves, wood-
pasture, terracing, and cultivated land with trees and vines (Figure 6.6c). Chestnuts are one of
the most culturally significant trees in Italy, and chestnut orchards have characteristic flora
and fauna, which are now declining. There is therefore a strong case for including them in
lists of protected habitats, but the European Habitat Directive of 1992, and EU NATURE 2000
aim at protecting natural and seminatural habitats, and chestnut groves are excluded because
of their cultural origin. It is assumed they have low biodiversity value compared to natural
forest and that fragmentation is detrimental to forest biodiversity (Larsson 2001). However,
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