Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 14.11 Disagreement between Civil Air Patrol photos and FEMA evaluation for flooded ( a
and b ) not flooded ( c and d )
Table 14.1 Comparison
between non-authoritative
and authoritative data
Non-authoritative data
Authoritative data
Benefits
Vo l u m e
Reliable
Real time
Ve r i fi e d
Citizens as sensors
Authenticated
Challenges
Sampling bias
Slow
Unconfirmed
Unavailable
14.2.3.2
Temporal Assessment
For this study, Twitter data were used to provide a temporal rather than spatial
assessment. Although tweets were geolocated using TweetTracker, uncertainty in
their location did not allow for a study at a street resolution. However, they provide
precise temporal information that can be used to understand the progression of the
surge extent over time. To understand the temporal progression is crucial during and
after flood events and is very hard to understand using remote sensing instruments,
due to their inherent carrier limitations. Twitter data can effectively be used to
 
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