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Table 20.5 Total deformation energy. L 0 =9 . Three cases: (i) B 0 =0 , (ii) B 0 =48 , (iii) B 0 =70 . l E =2 ,
b N =
b S =2 . I AGK , I AS , I AR
I AR
I AGK
I AS
L 0 =9
(“normal Riemann”)
(“conformal Gauss-Krueger”)
(“parallel Soldner”)
B 0 =0
10 8
10 8
10 8
1.283
×
7.518
×
3.759
×
B 0 =48
10 9
10 8
10 9
6.983
×
1.503
×
7.517
×
B 0 =70
10 10
10 9
10 9
4.710
×
1.048
×
5.239
×
Transverse Mercator Projection, we refer to Grafarend ( 1995 ), the Riemann coordinates and its
deformation analysis to Grafarend and Syffus ( 1995 ). The special Newton form of a geodesic in
Maupertuis' gauge on the sphere and the ellipsoid-of-revolution is presented in Appendix E to
which we refer. Lichtenegger ( 1987 ) presented his theory of three boundary problems and one
initial problem. Here, we present only two out of four.
 
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