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possible, for example, a sign of non-normality existed. If it showed, that the case
was at least possible or even confirmed, physician's opinion was supported.
Another possible criteria to estimate deviations are discussed in Section 25.4.1.
Our approach naturally mimics the behaviour of a physician making diagnoses
- s/he first checks the common (normal) diagnoses and if they are not confirmed -
continues to surf among the RDs. Note, that this approach is considered when there
are no outstanding symptoms/signs for the RD, but rather the RD being masked as
a common disease. In this case none of physicians starts to look for the RD right
from the beginning. RDs are encountered very rarely, thus it is rational to begin
diagnostic with considering of common diseases. First, the normal cases are taken
into consideration, some kind of preliminary separation should be done. Afterwards,
the monitoring of the proposed disease is undergone and then the final diagnosis is
established. We follow this line to model our approach.
Table 25.6 Possible degrees for “normal” disease GER
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER)
in infants and young children
crying and/or irritability
very often
Apnea
seldom
bradycardia
seldom
Poor appetite
sometimes
Vomiting
often
Wheezing
some times
Stridor
often
Weight loss or poor growth
seldom
Recurrent pneumonitis
seldom
Sore throat
sometimes
Chronic cough
seldom
Bilious or forceful vomiting
seldom
Hematemesis or hematochezia
seldom
concomitant diarrhea
very seldom
Abdominal tenderness or distension
asaruleno
It is known [8], that the results of rule-based systems, considered in this pa-
per, are based on the compositionality where effects (contributions) of the rules are
composed and a numerical result is attached to the diagnosis. We relay on this com-
positionality (although it has been undergone a criticism by several authors [8]),
because such systems are well performed systems [25]. Recently, there are attempts
to introduce a firm mathematical (logical) formalization in such systems to be able
to manage the propositions reasonably [30].
Let us show on examples, how to alarm the RD. It is obvious that conclusions
about the patient's diagnosis with a help of a computer program is made based
on the information available, in particular, what initial information is contained in
 
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