Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Tab l e 9 . 1
Nomenclature
Symbol
Meaning
m
˙
Mass flow rate
ρ
Density
γ
Specific weight
μ
Dynamic viscosity
υ
Kinematic viscosity
A
Area
A
m
Area at inlet to pipe fitting for minor losses
A
p
Area of pipe
C
Total system loss coefficient, Equation 13
D
Diameter
e
Pipe roughness
F
Momentum force
F
Friction factor
G
Acceleration of gravity
H
f
Total head loss, friction and minor
H
L
System head loss
H
m
Head loss due to minor losses
H
p
Pump head
H
t
Turbine head
K
Minor loss coefficient
L
Pipe length
P
Pressure
Q
Flow rate
Re
Reynolds number
S
Second (time)
V
Velocity
Z
Elevation
of the pipeline to limit the volume of potential leaks, and the use of noncorrosive
pipe and seal materials.
This chapter examines the factors in designing the proper pipe system. The
terms in Table 9.1 will be referenced throughout the chapter. The equations
presented in section 1.1 and 1.2 are important for proper pipe system design.
1.1 Basic Fluid Mechanics Equations
Solving fluid flow problems involves the application of one or more of the three
basic equations: continuity, momentum, and energy. These three basic equations
were developed from the law of conservation of mass, Newton's second law of
motion, and the first law of thermodynamics.
The simplest form of the continuity equation is for one-dimensional, steady
flow in a closed conduit. Applying continuity between any two sections gives:
˙
m
=
ρ
1
A
p
1
V
1
=
ρ
2
A
p
2
V
2
(1)
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