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Fig. 12.1. Potato Rpi genes on the genetic map. Genes that were cloned are bolded, while those that are underlined
are the gene cluster names that provide the section titles of this chapter. 1 Li et al. 1998, 2 Park et al. 2005a, 3 Lokossou
et al. 2009, 4 Park et al. 2005b, 5 Jacobs et al. 2010, 6 Champouret 2010, 7 Verzaux 2010, 8 Sandbrink et al. 2000, 9 Tan
et al. 2008, 10 Hein et al. 2007, 11 Hein et al. 2009, 12 Leonards-Schippers et al. 1992, 13 Ballvora et al. 2002, 14 Va n d e r
Vossen et al. 2005, 15 Kuhl et al. 2001, 16 Sliwka et al. 2012a, 17 Naess et al. 2001, 18 Song et al. 2003, 19 Van der Vossen
et al. 2003, 20 Oosumi et al. 2009, 21 Wang et al. 2008, 22 Vleeshouwers et al. 2008, 23 Liu and Halterman 2006, 24 Sliwka
et al. 2006, 25 Pel et al. 2009, 26 Foster et al. 2009, 27 Smilde et al. 2005, 28 Golas et al. 2010, 29 Jo et al. 2011, 30 Ewing
et al. 2000, 31 Rauscher et al. 2006, 32 Park et al. 2009, 33 Sliwka et al. 2012b, 34 Villamon et al. 2005, 35 Rietman 2011,
36 El-Kharbotly et al. 1994, 37 Huang et al. 2004, 38 Huang et al. 2005, 39 Huang 2005, 40 Li et al. 2011, 41 Bradshaw et al.
2006. For a color version of this figure, please refer to the color plate.
origins such as wild relatives and potato acces-
sions (Leonards-Schippers et al. 1994; Collins
et al. 1999; Bormann et al. 2003). Meta-QTLs
for both traits were detected here as well (Danan
et al. 2011).
R3a is widely present in potato cultivars
and the compatible P. infestans strains are also
widespread (Vleeshouwers et al. 2011). Avr3a
is a quite well characterized RXLR effector that
has two alleles - virulent and avirulent - differ-
ing only in two amino acids (Armstrong et al.
2005). Products of both alleles are able to sup-
press the cell-death response in potato, although
the avirulence allele has a stronger effect. The
Avr3a was shown to suppress immunity by bind-
ing and stabilizing one of the host ubiquitin lig-
ases (Vleeshouwers et al. 2011a).
A new cluster of Rpi genes has been recently
discovered in a different region of chromosome
XI using NBS profiling and effectoromics. It
contains genes from S. avilesii, S. capsicibacca-
tum, S. circaeifolium ssp. quimense, S. edinense,
S. venturii, and S. piurae (Figure 12.1) (Jacobs
et al. 2010; Verzaux 2010; Rietman 2011). The
gene Rpi-avl1 ,from S. avilesii was later mapped
with higher resolution and its spectrum was char-
acterized with the use of various P. infestans
isolates (Verzaux et al. 2011). Late blight resis-
tance of S. paucissectum was also mapped to
this region (Villamon et al. 2005), and it was
described as an Rpi-pcs locus by Hein and col-
leagues (2009).
In a recently revealed genome sequence
of potato, there were 408 NBS-LRR-encoding
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