Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(A)
(B)
(C)
10
8
15
8
6
6
10
4
4
2
5
2
r
= 0.98
r
= 0.99
r
= 0.98
0
0
0
0246
8 0
Regular microscope
manual count (10
6
/ml)
0
2
4
6
8
0
5
10
15
Regular microscope
manual count (10
6
/ml)
Regular microscope
manual count (10
6
/ml)
Figure 8.5
Counting accuracy of the presented automated semen analysis platform is verified at various
sperm concentrations up to 12.5
10
6
/ml for (A) immotile sperms; (B) motile sperms; and
(C) both the motile and the immotile sperms. The manually counted sperm concentrations using a
conventional bright-field microscope are plotted along the x-axes, while the sperm concentrations
automatically counted by the presented lensless semen analysis platform for the same semen
samples are plotted along the y-axes. The total counts in (C) are the summed concentrations of
the immotile sperms in (A) and the motile sperms in (B). Correlation coefficients (r) of these
characterization results shown in (A), (B), and (C) further confirm the accuracy of our semen
analysis platform that is based on a compact and lightweight holographic lensless microscope.
3
different FOVs to maintain the same statistical characterization accuracy for such a low
density semen sample. Therefore, applications requiring quantitative results with extremely
low sperm densities, such as post-vasectomy checkups
[75,76]
, would greatly benefit from
the large FOV of this lensless on-chip imaging platform.
Potential application areas of this lensfree on-chip holography-based automatic semen
analysis platform include high-throughput motility analysis in andrology laboratories,
automated sperm counting in fertility clinics, semen quality evaluation in sperm banks,
personal male fertility tests at home, post-vasectomy tests either at home or in clinics, stud
performance assessment at animal breeding centers, and field monitoring of stud health in
farms. Additionally, by replacing the compact CMOS image sensor with a larger area
explained in p0070. chip
[13]
, this platform can also be transformed into a drug screening
system with significantly higher throughput, where sperm' response to various drugs or
chemicals of different concentrations can be analyzed simultaneously. Furthermore, this
platform can also be extended into the third dimension with additional light sources
illuminating from multiple angles
[74]
, hence the vertical position and the 3D trajectory of
each sperm could be resolved with submicron accuracy to better understand sperm
dynamics in less constrained space. On the top of these, this optical technology with its
automated analysis capability is also able to characterize cells within bodily fluids such as
whole blood samples
[13,77]
and detect bacteria/parasites in drinking water
[12,14]
.
Therefore, the compact, lightweight, and cost-effective design of this imaging platform and
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