Nanoparticles in European Cities and Associated Health Impacts - Urban Air Quality in Europe - page 357

Bern (Switzerland)

Zurich (Switzerland)

Salzburg (Austria)

Graz (Austria)

Linz (Austria)

Vieena (Austria)

Prague (Czech Republic)

Copenhagen (Denmark)

Strasbourg (France)

Rome (Italy)

Barcelona (Spain)

Utrecht (Netherlands)

Amsterdam (Netherlands)

Athens (Greece)

Helsinki (Finland)

Lahti (Finland)

Leipzig (Germany)

Essen (Germany)

Antwerp (Belgium)

London (UK)

Birmingham (UK)

Leicester (UK)

Manchestor (UK)

Cambridge (UK)

Fig. 5 Typical respiratory deposition doses in different European cities. Standard deviation
values are derived used the average PNCs plotted in Fig. 3 and the standard deviation values of
deposition fraction (i.e. 0.03)

effects of both small volatile particles and diffusion losses during sampling [ 80 ],
and a requirement to remove volatile particles (through heating and dilution) to
avoid large variations in the results. Vehicle emission standards will certainly help
in reducing the total PNCs in ambient European environments but similar ambient
air quality standards for airborne nanoparticles are desirable to limit public expo-
sure. However, such regulations seem to be some way off because of a number of
practical and technical constraints [ 27 ]. These include lack of harmonisation of
evidence between the toxicological and epidemiological studies favouring particle