Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 15 Summary table for critical factors
Dispersion conditions
climate
Share of private
cars (modal split) AQ Plan
Topography
Athens
Adverse (Mediterranean) Adverse
65%
2001, 2005
Berlin
29%
2005
Koˇice
Adverse (continental)
No data
2004, 2007, 2009
Krak´w
Adverse (continental)
27%
2006, 2009
Lisbon
40%
2006
London
41%
2003, 2010
Milan
Adverse (Mediterranean) Very adverse 47%
2001, 2007
Paris
44%
2000, 2009
Sofia
Adverse (continental)
Very adverse No plausible data 2004/2005, incomplete
Stuttgart
Adverse
45%
2005, 2010
The data on the modal split of urban traffic do not seem to be completely
comparable (e.g. not all the data cover pedestrian traffic). However, significantly
high shares of private cars have been reported for Athens, Paris, Stuttgart, Milan
and London (40-50%). Distinctly low shares of private cars have been reported for
Krak
´
w and Berlin (about 30%).
A semi-external critical factor is the total size of an agglomeration, which
causes high urban background concentrations and is related to a high amount
of urban traffic. This is a critical factor which applies especially to Paris and
London.
The reasons for the non-attainment of the PM
10
limit values were also stated in
the notifications of time extensions. In most cases, it was stated that non-attainment
by 2005 could be attributed inter alia to a delay in the implementation of measures,
or certain measures leading to a lower level of emission reductions than expected.
An increase in road traffic is stated as a reason for non-attainment especially in
eastern European countries. An increase of primary NO
2
emissions due to an
increasing share of diesel vehicles has been reported e.g. by France, Germany,
Italy and UK.
In all cities, most measures are targeted at road traffic. In Krak´w the most
effective measures concern domestic heating, and in Koˇice industrial facilities.
6.3 Qualitative Estimate of Critical Factors
A “qualitative” summary of the critical factors for the cities discussed above is
given in Table
16
.
The comparably low pollution levels in Berlin - the “non-critical area” in this
comparison - is due to favourable dispersion conditions (flat terrain and moderate
oceanic climate), comparably low emissions from industry and domestic heating,
low emission densities and effective air quality management.
