Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2 Results from source apportionment studies applying the “Lenschow approach”
Region
Berlin
Frankfurt
Dresden
2 weeks winter/3
weeks summer
2004
1 year
2001-2002
Winter October
2006-April 2007
Period of measurements
1 year 1998
Study
[
3
]
[
46
]
[
40
]
[
45
]
Mean PM10
concentration
(
m
g/m
3
)
52
33
33
27
Source contributions (%)
Traffic (exhaust)
33
28
27
Traffic (non-exhaust)
17
21
23
44
Other mobile sources
3
3
Aviation industry
21
15
17
25
Small enterprises
(combustion)
1
9
2
Solvent production
and use
0
4
Domestic heating
5
8
11
4
Private consumption
1
4
Waste treatment
0
1
Agriculture
3
4
28
Biogenic
11
13
Other
5
7
4
Fig. 9
Left
: satellite photo (infrared, 10.8
m
m) of the Sahara dust plume on 28 May 2008, 12 UTC.
Source
: EUMETSAT Meteosat [
49
].
Right
: 72 h backward trajectories for 26 September 2008
showing air mass origin from arid regions north of the Caspian sea (NOAA Hysplit 4.9, data
processed by TrajStat; reprinted from [
7
] with permission from Elsevier)
contribution of about 1-2
m
g/m
3
from SOA, and less than 1
m
g/m
3
from primary
particles, mainly fungal spores [
52
]. However, quantification of the natural portion of
SOA in urban environments by measurements remains a challenge and is a topic of
current research [
53
,
54
].
